The financial repercussions of global warming are now coming closer into view and spurring warnings that climate change could trigger debt defaults across the planet, after a United Nations panel said this week that the crisis is dangerously close to being out of control.
But the impacts are expected to be uneven and aside from the threat to low-lying island states, many countries could suffer an economic battering if carbon emissions are not cut rapidly, analysts say.
A study by a group of universities including the University of Cambridge concluded that 63 countries – roughly half the number rated by S&P Global, Moody’s and Fitch – could see credit ratings cut by 2030 because of climate change.
China, Chile, Malaysia, and Mexico would be the hardest hit with six notches of downgrades by the end of the century, it said, while the United States, Germany, Canada, Australia, India, and Peru could see around four.
The corresponding increase in borrowing costs would add $137–$205 billion to countries’ combined annual debt service payments by 2100, this study estimated.
Ratings downgrades typically raise borrowing costs, especially if they cause countries to be ejected from bond indexes tracked by funds managing trillions of dollars.
States ramping up spending
Developed countries are ramping up spending to temper climate damage, with Germany creating a 30 billion euro recovery fund after recent floods, while Singapore is budgeting the equivalent of $72 billion to protect against rising sea levels in the next century.
For emerging economies, already scarred by Covid-19, the climate crisis will heap on more pressure.
Moves to avert disaster and cut carbon and other emissions will be costly and are likely to add to a global debt pile, which asset manager Janus Henderson estimates ballooned to $62.5 trillion by the end of last year.
With floods and wildfires devastating different states, estimates vary on how much damage warming will inflict on the global economy.
But another report earlier this year by BofA put the cost at $54-69 trillion by 2100, which compares to a valuation on the entire global economy of around $80 trillion.
The financial repercussions could manifest themselves in under a decade, a study by index provider FTSE Russell warns.
The first climate-linked credit rating downgrades are set to hit countries soon, the report’s co-author and FTSE Russell’s senior sustainable investment manager, Julien Moussavi, added.
In a worst-case “hot house world” scenario developing countries including Malaysia, South Africa, Mexico and even wealthier economies such as Italy may default on debt by 2050.
In another, where governments are initially slow to react, states including Australia, Poland, Japan and Israel, will be at risk of default and ratings downgrades too, the study concluded.
While developing countries are inherently more vulnerable to rising sea levels and drought, richer ones will not escape the climate change fallout, such studies show.
“You can talk about climate change and its impact and it won’t be long before someone talks about Barbados, Fiji, or the Maldives,” Moritz Kraemer, chief economist at Countryrisk.io and former head of sovereign ratings at S&P Global.
“What was a surprise to me is the impact on higher-rated, richer countries,” Kraemer added.
Rising adaptation costs
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) warns that a 10 percentage-point rise in climate change vulnerability, as measured by the Notre Dame Global Adaptation Initiative index, is associated with an increase of over 150 basis points in long-term government bond spreads for developing nations.
The average rise across all countries was 30 bps.
The UN Environment Programme estimates that in developing countries, annual adaptation costs will be as much as $300 billion in 2030, rising to $500 billion in 2050.
As a percentage of gross domestic product, sovereign debt is still about 60% in emerging economies, data from the Institute of International Finance (IIF) shows, versus 100% or so in the United States and Britain, and 200% in Japan.
The rise from pre-pandemic levels of around 52% is a particular concern. European, US and Japanese central banks are essentially underwriting state borrowing, but this is not possible in poor countries, who must ultimately repay debt.
“How do you enable the sort of funding that is required given the high debt levels and the importance of the ratings frameworks?” Sonja Gibbs, director for global capital markets at the IIF said.
• Reuters and Jim Pollard
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